Managing Disks, Partitions and File Systems
Define Disks, Partitions and File systems and Its type
Advantage and Disadvantage.
Disk Partition and its type
Getting ready
$ vagrant up
$ vagrant ssh
How to do it
configure MBR with fdisk
From the man pages fdisk , it manipulate disk partition table. use helping command for fdisk
# fdisk --help
fdisk key option for basic
$ sudo fdisk --help
fdisk: invalid option -- '-'
Usage:
fdisk [options] <disk> change partition table
fdisk [options] -l <disk> list partition table(s)
fdisk -s <partition> give partition size(s) in blocks
Options:
-b <size> sector size (512, 1024, 2048 or 4096)
-c[=<mode>] compatible mode: 'dos' or 'nondos' (default)
-h print this help text
-u[=<unit>] display units: 'cylinders' or 'sectors' (default)
-v print program version
-C <number> specify the number of cylinders
-H <number> specify the number of heads
-S <number> specify the number of sectors per track
$ sudo fdsik -l
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help):
creating/managing Simple partition
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 15.4 GB, 15448023040 bytes, 30171920 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00032ce9
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1026048 30171135 14572544 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 11.9 GB, 11938160640 bytes, 23316720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-root: 13.3 GB, 13329498112 bytes, 26034176 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-swap: 1547 MB, 1547698176 bytes, 3022848 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcd3c1eb0.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-23316719, default 2048): 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-23316719, default 23316719): +500M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 11.9 GB, 11938160640 bytes, 23316720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xcd3c1eb0
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
$ sudo partprobe
$ sudo cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 15085960 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 14572544 sda2
8 16 11658360 sdb
8 17 512000 sdb1
253 0 13017088 dm-0
253 1 1511424 dm-1
creating/managing swap space
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (1026048-23316719, default 1026048):
Using default value 1026048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1026048-23316719, default 23316719): +1024M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 11.9 GB, 11938160640 bytes, 23316720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xcd3c1eb0
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1026048 3123199 1048576 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 11.9 GB, 11938160640 bytes, 23316720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xcd3c1eb0
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1026048 3123199 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
$ sudo partprobe
$ sudo cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 15085960 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 14572544 sda2
8 16 11658360 sdb
8 17 512000 sdb1
8 18 1048576 sdb2
253 0 13017088 dm-0
253 1 1511424 dm-1
Make swap file system
$ sudo mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=73d6f881-0e2b-47ce-8826-7c9e241b78fe
Deleting partition
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
GPT partition
Manage GPT with gdisk
From the man pages gdisk , it manipulate disk partition table. use helping command for gdisk
# gdisk --help
gdisk key option for basic
$ sudo gdisk --help
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.6
Partition table scan:
MBR: MBR only
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format.
THIS OPERATION IS POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE! Exit by typing 'q' if
you don't want to convert your MBR partitions to GPT format!
***************************************************************
Command (? for help):
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.6
Partition table scan:
MBR: MBR only
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format.
THIS OPERATION IS POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE! Exit by typing 'q' if
you don't want to convert your MBR partitions to GPT format!
***************************************************************
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-23316686, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 2048
Last sector (2048-23316686, default = 23316686) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +500M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8300
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 23316720 sectors, 11.1 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 82E73976-D4E1-4285-B008-A93959FE66DA
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 23316686
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 22292653 sectors (10.6 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 1026047 500.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
$ sudo partprobe
$ sudo cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 15085960 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 14572544 sda2
8 16 11658360 sdb
8 17 512000 sdb1
253 0 13017088 dm-0
253 1 1511424 dm-1
creating/managing swap space
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.6
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (34-23316686, default = 1026048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (1026048-23316686, default = 23316686) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1024M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): L
0700 Microsoft basic data 0c01 Microsoft reserved 2700 Windows RE
4200 Windows LDM data 4201 Windows LDM metadata 7501 IBM GPFS
7f00 ChromeOS kernel 7f01 ChromeOS root 7f02 ChromeOS reserved
8200 Linux swap 8300 Linux filesystem 8301 Linux reserved
8e00 Linux LVM a500 FreeBSD disklabel a501 FreeBSD boot
a502 FreeBSD swap a503 FreeBSD UFS a504 FreeBSD ZFS
a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID a580 Midnight BSD data a581 Midnight BSD boot
a582 Midnight BSD swap a583 Midnight BSD UFS a584 Midnight BSD ZFS
a585 Midnight BSD Vinum a800 Apple UFS a901 NetBSD swap
a902 NetBSD FFS a903 NetBSD LFS a904 NetBSD concatenated
a905 NetBSD encrypted a906 NetBSD RAID ab00 Apple boot
af00 Apple HFS/HFS+ af01 Apple RAID af02 Apple RAID offline
af03 Apple label af04 AppleTV recovery af05 Apple Core Storage
be00 Solaris boot bf00 Solaris root bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z
bf02 Solaris swap bf03 Solaris backup bf04 Solaris /var
bf05 Solaris /home bf06 Solaris alternate se bf07 Solaris Reserved 1
bf08 Solaris Reserved 2 bf09 Solaris Reserved 3 bf0a Solaris Reserved 4
bf0b Solaris Reserved 5 c001 HP-UX data c002 HP-UX service
ed00 Sony system partitio ef00 EFI System ef01 MBR partition scheme
ef02 BIOS boot partition fb00 VMWare VMFS fb01 VMWare reserved
fc00 VMWare kcore crash p fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8200
Changed type of partition to 'Linux swap'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 23316720 sectors, 11.1 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 82E73976-D4E1-4285-B008-A93959FE66DA
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 23316686
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 20195501 sectors (9.6 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 1026047 500.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 1026048 3123199 1024.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
$ sudo partprobe
$ sudo cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 15085960 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 14572544 sda2
8 16 11658360 sdb
8 17 512000 sdb1
8 18 1048576 sdb2
253 0 13017088 dm-0
253 1 1511424 dm-1
$ sudo mkswap /dev/sdb1
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 511996 KiB
no label, UUID=5f2257bc-ef5a-4d27-9664-97d5cf78bcef
Deleting partition
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.6
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): d
Partition number (1-2): 1
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
Creating/Making file Systems
Now For Btrfs file system
$ sudo mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdb1
SMALL VOLUME: forcing mixed metadata/data groups
btrfs-progs v3.19.1
See http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information.
Turning ON incompat feature 'mixed-bg': mixed data and metadata block groups
Turning ON incompat feature 'extref': increased hardlink limit per file to 65536
Turning ON incompat feature 'skinny-metadata': reduced-size metadata extent refs
Created a data/metadata chunk of size 8388608
fs created label (null) on /dev/sdb1
nodesize 4096 leafsize 4096 sectorsize 4096 size 500.00MiB
For XFS file system
$ sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=32000 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0 finobt=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=128000, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
For ext4 file systems
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
128016 inodes, 512000 blocks
25600 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=34078720
63 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2032 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
Type of file system
$ sudo mkfs press[TAB]
mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs
mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat
changing/maintenance the File Systems and Troubleshooting
$ sudo mkfs.btrfs -f /dev/sdb1
$ sudo mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb1
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 -f /dev/sdb1
Use Syntax of Disk Space and Disk Use
Disk Space
From the man pages df, it report file system disk space usage.
use helping command for df
# df --help
df key option for basic
$ df --help
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
--direct show statistics for a file instead of mount point
--total produce a grand total
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --local limit listing to local file systems
--no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
--output[=FIELD_LIST] use the output format defined by FIELD_LIST,
or print all fields if FIELD_LIST is omitted.
-P, --portability use the POSIX output format
--sync invoke sync before getting usage info
-t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE
-T, --print-type print file system type
-x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
-v (ignored)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units
are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
FIELD_LIST is a comma-separated list of columns to be included. Valid
field names are: 'source', 'fstype', 'itotal', 'iused', 'iavail', 'ipcent',
'size', 'used', 'avail', 'pcent', 'file' and 'target' (see info page).
check the disk space usage
$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 13006848 5599380 7407468 44% /
devtmpfs 744500 0 744500 0% /dev
tmpfs 759820 156 759664 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 759820 8920 750900 2% /run
tmpfs 759820 0 759820 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 759820 164 759656 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 508588 169616 338972 34% /boot
tmpfs 151968 12 151956 1% /run/user/1000
View information of file system usage
$ df -a
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
rootfs - - - - /
sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys
proc 0 0 0 - /proc
devtmpfs 744500 0 744500 0% /dev
securityfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/security
tmpfs 759820 156 759664 1% /dev/shm
devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts
tmpfs 759820 8920 750900 2% /run
tmpfs 759820 0 759820 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd
pstore 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/pstore
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/devices
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
cgroup 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb
configfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/config
/dev/mapper/cl-root 13006848 5598604 7408244 44% /
selinuxfs 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/selinux
systemd-1 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
hugetlbfs 0 0 0 - /dev/hugepages
tmpfs 759820 164 759656 1% /tmp
debugfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/debug
mqueue 0 0 0 - /dev/mqueue
sunrpc 0 0 0 - /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
nfsd 0 0 0 - /proc/fs/nfsd
/dev/sda1 508588 169616 338972 34% /boot
tmpfs 151968 12 151956 1% /run/user/1000
fusectl 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/fuse/connections
gvfsd-fuse 0 0 0 - /run/user/1000/gvfs
View Disk spce in human readable format
$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 13G 5.4G 7.1G 44% /
devtmpfs 728M 0 728M 0% /dev
tmpfs 743M 156K 742M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 743M 8.8M 734M 2% /run
tmpfs 743M 0 743M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 743M 172K 742M 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 497M 166M 332M 34% /boot
tmpfs 149M 12K 149M 1% /run/user/1000
view inforamation file system in byte
$ df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 13006848 5598800 7408048 44% /
devtmpfs 744500 0 744500 0% /dev
tmpfs 759820 156 759664 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 759820 8920 750900 2% /run
tmpfs 759820 0 759820 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 759820 172 759648 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 508588 169616 338972 34% /boot
tmpfs 151968 12 151956 1% /run/user/1000
view inforamation file system in megabyte
$ df -m
Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 12702 5469 7234 44% /
devtmpfs 728 0 728 0% /dev
tmpfs 743 1 742 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 743 9 734 2% /run
tmpfs 743 0 743 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 743 1 742 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 497 166 332 34% /boot
tmpfs 149 1 149 1% /run/user/1000
View informatin file system Inode
$ df -i
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 13017088 148235 12868853 2% /
devtmpfs 186125 371 185754 1% /dev
tmpfs 189955 10 189945 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 189955 491 189464 1% /run
tmpfs 189955 13 189942 1% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 189955 32 189923 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 512000 345 511655 1% /boot
tmpfs 189955 30 189925 1% /run/user/1000
View information file system Type
]$ df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root xfs 13006848 5599264 7407584 44% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 744500 0 744500 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 759820 156 759664 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 759820 8920 750900 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 759820 0 759820 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 759820 172 759648 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 xfs 508588 169616 338972 34% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 151968 12 151956 1% /run/user/1000
View limited file system
$ df -t xfs
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 13006848 5599116 7407732 44% /
/dev/sda1 508588 169616 338972 34% /boot
View does not belong to xfs file system
$ df -x xfs
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 744500 0 744500 0% /dev
tmpfs 759820 156 759664 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 759820 8920 750900 2% /run
tmpfs 759820 0 759820 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 759820 172 759648 1% /tmp
tmpfs 151968 12 151956 1% /run/user/1000
Disk Use
From the man pages du, it estimate file space usage.
use helping command for du
# du --help
du key option for basic
]$ du --help
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
NUL-terminated file names specified in file F;
if F is -, then read names from standard input
-H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--inodes list inode usage information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links
-l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked
-m like --block-size=1M
-P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)
-S, --separate-dirs for directories do not include size of subdirectories
--si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument
-t, --threshold=SIZE exclude entries smaller than SIZE if positive,
or entries greater than SIZE if negative
--time show time of the last modification of any file in the
directory, or any of its subdirectories
--time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime, access, use, ctime or status
--time-style=STYLE show times using STYLE, which can be:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT;
FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN
-x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DU_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units
are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
View usage summary of disk
$ du /home/centos7server/
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
12 /home/centos7server/
View disk in human readable format
$ du -h /home/centos7server/
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
12K /home/centos7server/
View total disk use
$ du -sh /home/centos7server/
12k /home/centos7server/
View with hidden file
$ du -a /home/centos7server/
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
4 /home/centos7server/.bash_logout
4 /home/centos7server/.bash_profile
4 /home/centos7server/.bashrc
12 /home/centos7server/
VIew flag with -h
$ du -ah /home/centos7server/
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
4.0K /home/centos7server/.bash_logout
4.0K /home/centos7server/.bash_profile
4.0K /home/centos7server/.bashrc
12K /home/shyam/
View modification time
# du -ha --time /home/centos7server/
0 2014-06-10 01:07 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 2014-06-10 01:07 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 2015-12-10 16:30 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
4.0K 2015-11-20 10:32 /home/centos7server/.bash_logout
4.0K 2015-11-20 10:32 /home/centos7server/.bash_profile
4.0K 2015-11-20 10:32 /home/centos7server/.bashrc
12K 2016-05-25 11:00 /home/centos7server/
VIew
$ du -ah --exclude="*.txt" /home/centos7server
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
4.0K /home/centos7server/.bash_logout
4.0K /home/centos7server/.bash_profile
4.0K /home/centos7server/.bashrc
12K /home/centos7server
View total count
$ du -ch /home/centos7server
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/extensions
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla/plugins
0 /home/centos7server/.mozilla
12K /home/shyam/
12K total
$ du -mh /home/centos7server
$ du -k /home/centos7server